RBI may ban recourse to recovery agents

Retail borrowers and credit card holders, who have been harassed by recovery agents sent by banks, may find some relief if the measures suggested by the Reserve Bank of India are put in place. In the mid-term annual review of the annual monetary policy released today, the RBI has come down strongly against the practice of recovery agents employed by banks. “The RBI would consider imposing a temporary ban (or even a permanent ban in case of persistent abusive practices) for engaging recovery agents on those banks where strictures have been passed or penalties have been imposed by a High Court or Supreme Court. A circular in this regard would be issued by November 15, the policy added.

'No signal to raise interest rates’

The Finance Minister, Mr P Chidambaram, has said that the Reserve Bank of India’s move to raise the requirement for banks to keep cash with the central bank was intended to mop up excess liquidity from the system. He also felt that this step cannot be construed as a signal on interest rates, implying that banks should not look at a hike in lending rates on account of the CRR hike. I hope banks will draw the correct message from the policy,” Mr Chidambaram said. He said that he expected the country’s gross domestic product (GDP) growth to be “slightly higher” than the level projected by the central bank.

Mid-term review of Annual Policy for year 2007-08

Dr. Y. Venugopal Reddy, Governor, presented the Mid-term Review of Annual Policy for the Year 2007-08 today in a meeting with Chief Executives of major commercial banks. The Mid-term Review consists of two parts: Part I Mid-term Review of the Annual Statement on Monetary Policy for the Year 2007-08; and Part II Mid-term Review of the Annual Statement on Developmental and Regulatory Policies for the Year 2007-08. Highlights Bank Rate, Repo Rate and Reverse Repo Rate kept unchanged. The flexibility to conduct overnight repo or longer term repo including the right to accept or reject tender(s) under the LAF, wholly or partially, is retained. CRR increased by 50 basis points to 7.5 per cent effective fortnight beginning November 10, 2007. GDP growth forecast retained at 8.5 per cent during 2007-08, assuming no further escalation in international crude prices and barring domestic or external shocks Inflation to be contained close to 5.0 per cent during 2007-08 while resolving to condition expectations in the range of 4.0-4.5 per cent, with a medium-term objective of inflation at around 3.0 per cent. Moderating net capital flows so that money supply is not persistently out of alignment with indicative projection of 17.0-17.5 per cent. Covering of ‘Short-sale’ and ‘When Issued’ transactions to be permitted outside the Negotiated Dealing System – Order Matching (NDS-OM) system. Systemically important non-deposit taking NBFCs (NBFC-ND-SI) to be considered as ‘qualified entities’ for accessing the NDS-OM using the Constituents’ Subsidiary General Ledger (CSGL) route. Reinstatement of the eligible limits under the past performance route for hedging facility to be permitted. Oil companies to be permitted to hedge foreign exchange exposures by using overseas over-the-counter (OTC)/ exchange traded derivatives up to a maximum of one year forward. Importers and exporters having foreign currency exposures to be allowed to write covered call and put options in both foreign currency/ rupee and cross currency and receive premia. Authorised Dealers (ADs) to be permitted to run cross currency options books subject to the Reserve Bank’s approval. ADs to be permitted to offer American options as well. Working Group to be constituted for preparing a road-map for migration to core banking solutions (CBS) by Regional Rural Banks (RRBs). RRBs and State/ Central Cooperative Banks to disclose their capital-to-risk weighted assets ratio (CRAR) as on March 31, 2008 in their balance sheets. A road-map to be evolved for achieving the desired level of CRAR by these banks.M High Level Committee to be constituted to review the Lead Bank Scheme. Financial assistance to RRBs for implementing information and communication technology (ICT) based solutions. Working group to be constituted to lay down the road-map for cross-border supervision and supervisory cooperation with overseas regulators, consistent with the framework envisaged in the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS). Besides general market risk, specific risk, especially the credit risk arising out of deficient documentation or settlement risk to be covered under the supervisory process. Action plan to be drawn up for implementation of National Electronic Clearing Service (NECS) with centralised clearing and settlement at Mumbai. Domestic Developments Real GDP growth during the first quarter of 2007-08 is placed at 9.3 per cent as against 9.6 per cent in the corresponding quarter a year ago. The year-on-year (Y-o-Y) wholesale price index (WPI) inflation eased from its peak of 6.4 per cent on April 7, 2006 to 3.1 per cent by October 13, 2007. The average price of the Indian ‘basket’ of international crude has increased to US $ 80.0 per barrel as on October 23, 2007 from US $ 72.1 per barrel in July-September, 2007. The Y-o-Y CPI inflation for industrial workers showed a sharp increase to 7.3 per cent in August 2007 as against 6.3 per cent a year ago. The Y-o-Y growth in money supply (M3) was higher at 21.8 per cent on October 12, 2007 than 18.9 per cent a year ago. The Y-o-Y growth in aggregate deposits at Rs.5,69,061 crore (24.9 per cent) was higher than that of Rs.3,88,528 crore (20.4 per cent) a year ago. Total credit exhibited a Y-o-Y growth of Rs.3,81,333 crore (23.3 per cent) as on October 12, 2007 on top of an increase of Rs.3,66,463 crore (28.8 per cent) a year ago. The Y-o-Y growth in total resource flow from scheduled commercial banks (SCBs) to the commercial sector was 22.1 per cent, over and above the growth of 28.0 per cent a year ago. Banks’ holdings of Government and other approved securities increased to 30.0 per cent of their net demand and time liabilities (NDTL) as on October 12, 2007 from 28.0 per cent at end-March 2007. The overhang of liquidity under the LAF, MSS and the Central Governments’ cash balances taken together increased to Rs.2,22,582 crore by October 24, 2007 from Rs.85,770 crore at end-March 2007. The Government of India, in consultation with the Reserve Bank, revised the ceiling under MSS for the year 2007-08 from Rs.1,10,000 crore to Rs.1,50,000 crore on August 8, 2007 and further to Rs.2,00,000 crore on October 4, 2007. During the second quarter of 2007-08, financial markets remained generally stable with conditions of abundant liquidity and interest rates moderated in almost all segments of the financial system. During April–October 2007, public sector banks (PSBs) decreased their deposit rates, particularly at the upper end of the range for various maturities, by 25-60 basis points. During April-October 2007, the benchmark prime lending rates (BPLRs) of private sector banks moved from a range of 12.50-17.25 per cent to 13.00-16.50 per cent. The range of BPLRs for PSBs and foreign banks, however, remained unchanged at 12.50-13.50 per cent and 10.00-15.50 per cent, respectively, during this period. The BSE Sensex increased from 13,072 at end-March 2007 to 19,243 on October 26, 2007. The gross market borrowings of the Central Government through dated securities at Rs.1,27,060 crore (Rs.1,17,548 crore a year ago) during 2007-08 so far (up to October 26) constituted 67.3 per cent of the budget estimates (BE) while net market borrowings at Rs.75,387 crore (Rs.65,951 crore a year ago) constituted 68.7 per cent of the BE. External Sector Merchandise exports rose by 18.2 per cent in US dollar terms during April-August 2007 as compared with 27.1 per cent in the corresponding period of the previous year while import growth was higher at 31.0 per cent as compared with 20.6 per cent in the previous year. Non-oil imports rose by 44.3 per cent (10.9 per cent a year ago); oil imports, however, slowed down to 6.0 per cent (44.5 per cent), mainly on account of moderation in the price of the Indian basket of crude oil by 0.5 per cent during April-August 2007. India’s foreign exchange reserves increased by US $ 62.0 billion during 2007-08 and stood at US $ 261.1 billion on October 19, 2007. The rupee appreciated by 10.3 per cent against the US dollar, by 2.4 per cent against the euro, by 5.4 per cent against the pound sterling and 7.1 per cent against the Japanese yen during the current financial year up to October 26, 2007.Global Developments The downside risks to the global economic outlook have increased from a few months ago, accentuated by the recent financial market turmoil, firm inflationary pressures and high and volatile crude prices. According to the IMF’s World Economic Outlook (WEO) released in October 2007, the forecast for global real GDP growth on a purchasing power parity basis has been retained at 5.2 per cent for 2007 as in the July 2007 update, down from 5.4 per cent in 2006, but forecast for 2008 has been revised down to 4.8 per cent in October from 5.2 per cent in the July 2007 update. In the US, real GDP growth had risen to 3.8 per cent in the second quarter of 2007 as compared with 2.4 per cent a year ago - The IMF’s October 2007 WEO expects the US economy to grow at 1.9 per cent in 2007 and 2008 as against 2.9 per cent in 2006. There was a sudden fall in credit market confidence in late July brought on by the spread of risks from exposure to the US sub-prime mortgages with credit crunch spreading into corporate bond markets and equity markets. The European Central Bank and the US Federal Reserve, which have intervened since August 9 by providing liquidity to the inter-bank market, were joined by central banks in Canada, Japan, Australia, Norway and Switzerland. Bank of England has provided liquidity support to a mortgage lending bank, while giving a blanket guarantee to depositors on the safety of their deposits. Several central banks have cut policy rates during the third quarter of 2007 after financial markets were significantly affected by turbulence, such as the US Federal Reserve, the Banco Central do Brasil, Bank Indonesia (BI) and the Bank of Thailand. The central banks that have tightened their policy rates include the European Central Bank; the Bank of England; the Bank of Japan; the Bank of Canada; the Reserve Bank of Australia; the Reserve Bank of New Zealand; the People’s Bank of China; the Bank of Korea; the Banco de Mexico; and the Banco Central de Chile. A few central banks in Asia have used supplementary measures for tightening, besides increasing key policy rates. The only central bank that has kept policy rates steady is the Bank Negara Malaysia. Overall Assessment Some positive elements in the global economy are (i) the global economy is strong and resilient; (ii) EMEs, by and large, have a better macro-environment than before; (iii) globally, corporate balance sheets are strong and less leveraged than in the past; (iv) large financial intermediaries are perhaps adequately capitalised to absorb the shocks of credit infirmities; and (v) the inflation environment has been, on the whole, benign. The global environment is fraught with uncertainties with international crude prices at new highs, having breached the level of US $ 90 per barrel while elevated food and metal prices would, in current circumstances, pass through to domestic inflation. The US Federal Reserve has been the most aggressive in terms of easing monetary policy, with a higher than expected rate cut, reflecting the concerns over impact of housing issues on consumption and, hence, growth. The most important issue for India is the possible impact of global financial market developments and policy responses by central banks in major economies. The immediate task for public policy in India, therefore, is to manage the possible financial contagion which is in an incipient stage with highly uncertain prospects of being resolved soon. On the domestic front, aggregate demand conditions have remained firm and on the uptrend. Key monetary aggregates, i.e., reserve money and money supply have been running well above initial projections, reflecting the impact of higher than expected deposit growth and the exogenous expansionary effects of capital inflows as well as the drawdown of fiscal cash balances. The incomplete pass-through of international prices of crude, metals, food and commodities in general to consumer prices is indicative of suppressed inflation which carries destabilising potential into the future. The policy responses in the form of active liquidity management operations to modulate expansionary monetary and financial conditions were reflected in a generally orderly evolution of market liquidity. Since late July, global financial markets have experienced unusual volatility, strained liquidity and heightened risk aversion. While the trigger was the rising default rates on sub-prime mortgages in the US, the source of the problem was significant mis-pricing of risks in the financial system. Easy monetary policy, globalisation of liquidity flows, wide-spread use of highly complex structured debt instruments and inadequacy of banking supervision in coping with financial innovations also contributed to the severity of the crisis. At the current juncture and looking ahead, on the domestic front, the biggest challenge for monetary policy is the management of capital flows and the attendant implications for liquidity and overall stability. Yet another challenge is the rapid escalation in asset prices, particularly equity and real estate, which are significantly driven by capital flows. Over the next twelve to eighteen months, risks to inflation and inflation expectations would also continue to demand priority in policy monitoring. Stance of Monetary Policy Real GDP growth in 2007-08 is placed at 8.5 per cent for policy purposes, as set out in the Annual Policy Statement of April 2007 and reiterated in the First Quarter Review. Policy endeavour would be to contain inflation close to 5.0 per cent in 2007-08 and the resolve, going forward, would be to condition expectations in the range of 4.0-4.5 per cent so that an inflation rate of 3.0 per cent becomes a medium-term objective. Moderating the expansionary effects of net capital flows is warranted so that money supply is not persistently out of alignment with the indicative projections. The Reserve Bank will continue with its policy of active demand management of liquidity through appropriate use of the CRR stipulations and open market operations (OMO) including the MSS and the LAF, using all the policy instruments at its disposal flexibly, as and when the situation warrants. Barring the emergence of any adverse and unexpected developments in various sectors of the economy and keeping in view the current assessment of the economy including the outlook for inflation, the overall stance of monetary policy in the period ahead will broadly continue to be: • To reinforce the emphasis on price stability and well-anchored inflation expectations while ensuring a monetary and interest rate environment that supports export and investment demand in the economy so as to enable continuation of the growth momentum. • To re-emphasise credit quality and orderly conditions in financial markets for securing macroeconomic and, in particular, financial stability while simultaneously pursuing greater credit penetration and financial inclusion. • To respond swiftly with all possible measures as appropriate to the evolving global and domestic situation impinging on inflation expectations, financial stability and the growth momentum. • To be in readiness to take recourse to all possible options for maintaining stability and the growth momentum in the economy in view of the unusual heightened global uncertainties, and the unconventional policy responses to the developments in financial markets. Monetary Measures The Bank Rate has been kept unchanged at 6.0 per cent. The repo rate under the LAF is kept unchanged at 7.75 per cent. The reverse repo rate under the LAF is kept unchanged at 6.0 per cent. The Reserve Bank has the flexibility to conduct repo/reverse repo auctions at a fixed rate or at variable rates as circumstances warrant. The Reserve Bank retains the option to conduct overnight or longer term repo/reverse repo under the LAF depending on market conditions and other relevant factors. The Reserve Bank will continue to use this flexibility including the right to accept or reject tender(s) under the LAF, wholly or partially, if deemed fit, so as to make efficient use of the LAF in daily liquidity management. CRR increased by 50 basis points to 7.5 per cent effective fortnight beginning November 10, 2007.Developmental and Regulatory PoliciesFinancial Markets Non-Competitive Bidding Scheme in the Auctions of State Development Loans (SDLs) to be operationalised by March 31, 2008. Re-issuance of SDLs in the second half of 2007-08. The facility of new issuance structure for floating rate bonds (FRBs) is being built into the new Negotiated Dealing System (NDS) auction system being developed by the Clearing Corporation of India Limited (CCIL). The Reserve Bank is committed for permitting market repos in corporate bonds, once the corporate debt markets develop and the Reserve Bank is assured of availability of fair prices, and an efficient and safe settlement system based on delivery versus payment (DvP) III and Straight Through Processing (STP) is in place. Covering of ‘Short-sale’ and ‘When Issued’ transactions to be permitted outside the Negotiated Dealing System – Order Matching (NDS-OM) system. Systemically important non-deposit taking NBFCs (NBFC-ND-SI) to be considered as ‘qualified entities’ for accessing the NDS-OM using the Constituents’ Subsidiary General Ledger (CSGL) route. The facility of permitting all exporters to earn interest on their Exchange Earners’ Foreign Currency (EEFC) accounts to the extent of outstanding balances of US $ 1 million per exporter is extended up to October 31, 2008 and banks are free to determine the rate of interest. Reinstatement of the eligible limits under the past performance route for hedging facility provided that supporting underlying documents are produced during the term of the hedge undertaken. Oil companies to be permitted to hedge their foreign exchange exposures to the extent of 50 per cent of their inventory volume as at the end of the previous quarter by using overseas over-the-counter (OTC)/ exchange traded derivatives up to a maximum of one year forward. Importers and exporters having foreign currency exposures to be allowed to write covered call and put options in both foreign currency/ rupee and cross currency and receive premia. Authorised Dealers (ADs) to be permitted to run cross currency options books, subject to the Reserve Bank’s approval. ADs to be permitted to offer American options as well. Credit Delivery Internal Working Group to be constituted to examine the recommendations of the Committee on Agricultural Indebtedness (Chairman: Dr. R. Radhakrishna) relevant to the banking system in general and the Reserve Bank, in particular. Working Group to be constituted with representatives from the Reserve Bank, the NABARD, sponsor banks and RRBs for preparing a road-map for migration to core banking solutions (CBS) by RRBs. RRBs and State/ Central Cooperative Banks should disclose the level of CRAR as on March 31, 2008 in their balance sheets. A road-map may be evolved for achieving the desired level of CRAR by these banks. Working Group to be constituted to study the recommendations of Sengupta Committee report on ‘Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihood in the Unorganised Sector’ relevant to the financial system and suggest an appropriate action plan for implementation of acceptable recommendations. High Level Committee to be constituted to review the Lead Bank Scheme. Proposed to prepare a concept paper on financial literacy-cum-counseling centres detailing the future course of action. Financial assistance to RRBs for implementing information and communication technology (ICT) based solutions, including installation of solar power generating devices for powering ICT equipment in remote and under-served areas. Prudential Measures Final guidelines on Credit Default Swaps would be issued by end-November 2007. Banks are urged to follow prescribed specific considerations while engaging recovery agents. Abusive practices followed by banks’ recovery agents would invite serious supervisory disapproval. Constitution of a working group to lay down the road-map for adoption of a suitable framework for cross-border supervision and supervisory cooperation with overseas regulators, consistent with the framework envisaged in the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS). In order to enhance the effectiveness of the banking supervisory system, the process of consolidated supervision to be integrated with the financial conglomerate monitoring mechanism for bank-led conglomerates. It is proposed to cover, besides general market risk, specific risk, especially the credit risk arising out of deficient documentation or settlement risk, under the supervisory process. Institutional Developments Banks are urged to ensure that adequate disaster recovery systems are put in place to fully comply with the requirements. Banks are urged to draw up time-bound action plans for implementation of CBS across all their branches. An action plan to be drawn up for implementation of National Electronic Clearing Service (NECS) using the existing infrastructure of National Electronic Funds Transfer (NEFT) system with centralised clearing and settlement at Mumbai. Working group to be constituted comprising representatives of the Reserve Bank, State Governments and the Urban Cooperative Banks (UCBs) to examine the various areas where IT support could be provided by the Reserve Bank to UCBs. The Committee on Financial Sector Assessment (CFSA) (Chairman: Dr.Rakesh Mohan; Co-Chairman: Dr.D.Subbarao) submitted an interim report delineating its approach and reviewing the progress of work to the Finance Minister and Governor, Reserve Bank of India in July 2007. The CFSA is expected to complete the assessment by March 2008 and lay out a road-map for further reforms in a medium-term perspective. From RBI website

Banks allowed pref share issue

Banks, facing pressure on their capital due to the increasing demand for credit, may soon have another set of instruments to raise funds. The RBI has allowed them to raise Tier I and upper Tier II capital through preference shares. Banks can raise Perpetual Non-Cumulative Preference Shares (PNCPS) as Tier I capital. They can also raise upper Tier II capital through Perpetual Cumulative Preference Shares (PCPS), Redeemable Non-Cumulative Preference Shares (RNCPS) and Redeemable Cumulative Preference Shares (RCPS), in Indian rupees. The PNCPS will be treated on part with equity, and hence, the coupon payable on these instruments will be treated as dividend (an appropriation of profit and loss account). All other types of preference shares will be treated as liabilities and the coupon payable will be treated as interest (charged to Profit and Loss Account). Issuing additional pure equity would impact the earning per share and the return on equity will start shrinking. This will affect valuations of the share, said a senior bank official. Also, in case of preference shares there is no issue of voting rights, he added. The outstanding amount of Tier I preference shares along with Innovative Tier I instruments shall not exceed 40 per cent of total Tier I capital at any point of time.

PNB revises interest rate on fixed deposits

Public sector Punjab National Bank on Saturday announced a 50 basis point increase in interest rates on fixed deposits for term of 1-2 years while slashing rates by 25 basis points on various other maturities. Interest rate has gone up by 50 basis points to 8.5% for 1-2 years fixed deposits. Deposits for 180 days to less than one year would now attract interest rate of 7.25% against 7.5% earlier. The interest rate on 2-5 years deposits has been slashed to 8.5% as compared to 8.75% earlier, it said. The new rates would come into effect from October 29.

SBI plans to buy South African bank

The State Bank of India (SBI) has begun its due diligence to buy a small or medium size bank in South Africa, the window to the African continent. A mid-sized South African bank, Capitec, with an asset of around $350 million (Rs 1,400 crore) and 280 branches is a potential target. When contacted, SBI’s South African CEO Vijay Jasuja confirmed that the bank might take the inorganic route to make its South African business profitable. “We need to have at least 20 branches in South Africa to make our retail venture profitable here. If we try to expand in an organic manner, it may take one and half years, or even more. the banking business has been a profitable proposition in the country because of high service charges here. For an ATM withdrawal of 1000 rand, for example, a customer needs to pay as high as 14 rand to the bank. Similarly, service charges for credit card, telephone banking, and other business banking services are quite high compared to India." The SBI, which has three branches in South Africa, has been present in the country for the last 10 years.

Bank of Maharashtra drops housing loan rates

Bank of Maharashtra has reduced the rates of interest on its housing loan segment by 25 basis points with effect from October 25. Processing fee on its retail segment for housing, vehicle, consumer and personal loans has also been waived till January 15, 2008. As per the new structure, the floating rate for loans up to Rs 20 lakh is 10 per cent for a five-year term, 10.25 per cent for a 5-10 year term, and 10.5 per cent for 10-20 years. The rates for above Rs 20 lakh are 10.25 per cent, 10.75 per cent and 11 per cent for the three periods, respectively. The fixed rates of interest for loans up to Rs 20 lakh, are 10.75 per cent and 11.25 per cent for terms of five years and 5-10 years, respectively. The same for higher amounts are 11 per cent and 11.75 per cent.

TMB hikes term deposit rate

Tamilnad Mercantile Bank (TMB) has hiked the interest rate on domestic term deposits for the tenor period 1 year to 399 days by 10 basis points from October 24. The new interest rate is applicable for both fresh deposits and deposits matured and renewed after this date. After the hike, senior citizens will be receiving interest at the rate of 10.10 per cent per annum while this will be 9.60 per cent per annum for others. The increase, effected as a festival bonanza, is for a limited period only. Under special category, the bank offers 10.25 per cent per annum for senior citizens and 9.75 per cent per annum for others under TMB 400 days deposit scheme.

SBI plans general insurance foray

State Bank of India plans to enter general insurance early next year and has appointed a consultant, said Mr O.P.Bhatt, its Chiarman. The bank is likely to tie up with a foreign player to set up a joint venture for general venture. The bank has infused Rs 500 crore capital in its life insurance subsidiary, SBI Life and may infuse Rs 2,000 crore next year. The bank saw a growth of 18 per cent in housing loans as on September 30, 2007 and will continue to focus in this segment, Mr Bhatt said. Retail advances now constitute about 25 per cent of the bank’s gross domestic advances and housing loans constitute 52 per cent of retail advances

Bank of Japan

Headquarters : Tokyo, Japan Established : 1882 Currency : Japnese Yen Website : http://www.boj.or.jp/ Like most modern Japanese institutions, the Bank of Japan was born after the Meiji Restoration. Prior to the Restoration, Japan's feudal fiefs all issued their own money, hansatsu, in an array of incompatible denominations, but the New Currency Act of Meiji 4 (1871) did away with these and established the yen as the new decimal currency. The former han (fiefs) became prefectures and their mints became private chartered banks which, however, initially retained the right to print money. For a time both the central government and these so-called "national" banks issued money; to end this, the Bank of Japan was founded in Meiji 15 (1882) and given a monopoly on controlling the money supply. The Bank of Japan issued its first banknotes on Meiji 18 (1885), and despite some small glitches -- for example, it turned out that the konnyaku powder mixed in the paper to prevent counterfeiting made the bills a delicacy for rats -- the run was largely successful. In 1897 Japan joined the gold standard and in 1899 the former "national" banknotes were formally phased out. The Bank of Japan has continued ever since, with the exception of a brief post-WW2 hiatus when the occupying Allies issued military currency and restructured the Bank into a more independent entity. However, despite a major 1997 rewrite of the Bank of Japan Law intended to give it more independence, the Bank of Japan has been criticized for lack of independence. A certain degree of dependence is enshrined in the Law itself, article 4 of which states: In recognition of the fact that currency and monetary control is a component of overall economic policy, the Bank of Japan shall always maintain close contact with the government and exchange views sufficiently, so that its currency and monetary control and the basic stance of the government's economic policy shall be mutually harmonious.

Missions

According to its charter, the missions of the Bank of Japan are: Issuance and Management of Banknotes Implementation of Monetary Policy Providing Settlement Services and Ensuring the Stability of the Financial System Treasury and Government Securities-Related Operations International Activities Compilation of Data, Economic Analyses and Research Activities

Location

The Bank of Japan is headquartered in Nihonbashi, Tokyo, on the site of a former gold mint (the Kinza) and, not coincidentally, near the famous Ginza district, whose name means "silver mint". Despite featuring a Neo-baroque building from 1896 designed by Tatsuno Kingo, the Tokyo headquarters is a bit off the tourist track, and the better-placed Osaka branch in Nakanoshima is generally regarded as the symbol of the bank. Mr. Shigetoshi Yoshihara (6 Oct 1882 – 19 Dec 1887) Mr. Tetsunosuke Tomita (21 Feb 1888 – 3 Sep 1889) Mr. Koichiro Kawada (3 Sep 1889 – 7 Nov 1896) Baron Yanosuke Iwasaki (11 Nov 1896 – 20 Oct 1898) Mr. Tatsuo Yamamoto (20 Oct 1898 – 19 Oct 1903) Baron Shigeyoshi Matsuo (20 Oct 1903 – 1 Jun 1911) Mr. Korekiyo Takahashi (1 Jun 1911 – 20 Feb 1913) Viscount Yataro Mishima (28 Feb 1913 – 7 Mar 1919) Mr. Junnosuke Inoue (13 Mar 1919 – 2 Sep 1923) Mr. Otohiko Ichiki (5 Sep 1923 – 10 May 1927) Mr. Junnosuke Inoue - second term (10 May 1927 – 1 Jun 1928) Mr. Hisaakira Hijikata (12 Jun 1928 – 4 Jun 1935) Mr. Eigo Fukai (4 Jun 1935 – 9 Feb 1937) Mr. Seihin Ikeda (9 Feb 1937 – 27 Jul 1937) Mr. Toyotaro Yuki (27 Jul 1937 – 18 Mar 1944) Viscount Keizo Shibusawa (18 Mar 1944 – 9 Oct 1945) Mr. Eikichi Araki (9 Oct 1945 – 1 Jun 1946) Mr. Hisato Ichimada (1 Jun 1946 – 10 Dec 1954) Mr. Eikichi Araki - second term (11 Dec 1954 – 30 Nov 1956) Mr. Masamichi Yamagiwa (30 Nov 1956 – 17 Dec 1964) Mr. Makoto Usami (17 Dec 1964 – 16 Dec 1969) Mr. Tadashi Sasaki (17 Dec 1969 – 16 Dec 1974) Mr. Teiichiro Morinaga (17 Dec 1974 – 16 Dec 1979) Mr. Haruo Maekawa (17 Dec 1979 – 16 Dec 1984) Mr. Satoshi Sumita (17 Dec 1984 – 16 Dec 1989) Mr. Yasushi Mieno (17 Dec 1989 – 16 Dec 1994) Mr. Yasuo Matsushita (17 Dec 1994 – 20 Mar 1998) Mr. Masaru Hayami (20 Mar 1998 – 19 Mar 2003) Mr. Toshihiko Fukui (20 Mar 2003 – present) Missions and Activities of the Bank of Japan . The Bank of Japan's missions are to maintain price stability and to ensure the stability of the financial system, thereby laying the foundations for sound economic development. To fulfill these two missions, the Bank conducts the following activities. A. Issuance and Management of Banknotes The Bank of Japan issues banknotes (officially referred to as Bank of Japan notes) as the nation's sole "issuing bank." It employs a wide range of measures to prevent counterfeiting, including watermarks, special inks, and micro-lettering. Worn and soiled banknotes make it more difficult to distinguish genuine notes from counterfeits, which may proliferate as a result. Therefore, the Bank of Japan checks the validity and cleanness of each of the banknotes which return to the Bank, destroying badly worn notes and putting only those that are in good condition back into circulation. Because banknotes are used in all kinds of transactions, the Bank pays close attention to the control of the physical quality of banknotes so that the public is able to use the notes with confidence. B. The Conduct of Monetary Policy What if the prices of your daily necessities and food were to rise continuously? You would need to spend more money to buy the same basket of goods. In other words, the purchasing power of your money would go down. If the prices of various goods rose, people would naturally have a harder time making a living. On the other hand, what if the prices of goods were to decline continuously? A decline in prices appears to be favorable to consumers as they can buy the same basket of goods more cheaply. But if prices were to decline continuously, both the sales and profits of firms that produce or sell goods would decrease. As a result, the salaries of workers at those firms would decrease and the number of unemployed persons might increase. A continuous rise in the prices of goods and services is generally referred to as "inflation," and a continuous decline in prices is referred to as "deflation." As you can see from the above, both inflation and deflation are a threat to our daily lives. When the economy enters a period of inflation in which the purchasing power of money is gradually eroded, people's confidence in money will diminish. If many people considered that the prices of goods and services would continue to rise in the future, they would rush to buy goods and services before prices rose even further. This would create upward pressure on prices, thus increasing the likelihood that the anticipated rise in prices would actually take place. In contrast, if people considered that prices would continue to decline in the future, they would wait to make their purchases until prices had declined further. Thus, they would spend less and save more and economic activity might eventually be endangered. Both inflation and deflation distort the distribution of income and assets across the economy, and disrupt financial transactions, which involve the lending or borrowing of money. The Bank of Japan's mission is to pursue price stability, in other words to maintain an economic environment in which there is neither inflation nor deflation. The Bank controls the overall volume of money in the economy and interest rates on a daily basis through money market operations, i.e., through its sales/purchases of money market instruments such as Japanese government securities (JGSs) to/from private financial institutions. The Bank's policy to stabilize prices, thereby contributing to the sound development of the national economy, is called monetary policy. For example, if Japan's economy weakened so that sales of goods declined and there was downward pressure on prices, the Bank would buy money market instruments such as JGSs from private financial institutions, thus increasing the volume of money in the economy and lowering interest rates. More money in circulation and lower rates enable firms to borrow money more easily and act as a spur to economic activity: more people purchase goods and services, and thus prices are less likely to decline. Conversely, if economic activity heated up, with goods selling too well and upward pressure on prices, the Bank would reduce the volume of money in the economy and would raise interest rates. Accordingly, economic activity would be dampened and prices would be unlikely to rise. As noted above, the Bank conducts monetary policy to achieve price stability, thereby contributing to the stability of the economy as a whole. The Bank believes that price stability is a prerequisite for stability in our daily lives and for realizing sustainable and balanced economic growth. C. Providing Settlement Services and Ensuring the Stability of the Financial System The term "financial system" refers to the collective mechanisms through which financial institutions intermediate funds between depositors and investors and provide payment and settlement services, such as funds transfers between accounts. The financial system constitutes a fundamental social infrastructure that supports our daily lives, as is the provision of electric power, water, and gas. The Bank of Japan conducts various activities to maintain this particular infrastructure.

1. Provision and Maintenance of the Settlement System Financial transactions between financial institutions are settled by transferring funds across the current accounts held by each institution at the Bank of Japan. Because it offers accounts to financial institutions, the Bank is often referred to as the "banks' bank." The amount settled across the accounts at the Bank of Japan totals over \300 trillion per day. In order to facilitate such funds transfers, the Bank operates an electronic settlement system, the Bank of Japan Financial Network System (BOJ-NET), and is constantly working to upgrade and improve the efficiency of the settlement system.

2. Monitoring and Examination of the Financial and Management Conditions of Financial Institutions The sound management of individual financial institutions is a prerequisite to the stable functioning of the financial system. The Bank of Japan thus closely monitors trends in the loans and deposits of financial institutions, and the Bank's staff regularly visits financial institutions to carry out an "on-site examination" to review their financial and management conditions.

3. Function as the Lender of Last Resort When a financial institution becomes insolvent and this is likely to pose a threat to the financial system, the Bank of Japan may provide emergency liquidity to the troubled institution in its role as the "lender of last resort" in an effort to prevent financial disorder. D. Treasury and Government Securities-Related Operations As the "government's bank," the Bank of Japan handles receipts and disbursements of treasury funds, including acceptance of tax monies and payment of public works expenditures and public pensions. It also conducts accounting and bookkeeping for government agencies. In addition, the Bank deals with the entire business of Japanese government securities, namely issuance, registration, interest payment, and redemption. Settlement of funds and Japanese government securities arising from the above operations are facilitated by the BOJ-NET. E. International Activities The Bank of Japan engages in the following international activities. 1. International Financial Transactions and Operations The Bank provides yen accounts to central banks and governmental institutions overseas. It also makes capital subscriptions and loan extensions to international organizations such as the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). 2. Intervention in the Foreign Exchange Markets The Bank closely monitors exchange rate developments. It intervenes in the foreign exchange market as an agent of the Minister of Finance, when necessary. 3. International Exchange of Views The Bank of Japan frequently participates in discussions held at various international forums, such as the meetings at the BIS, the G7, and the IMF. Topics of discussions range widely, from monetary policy and the foreign exchange markets to bank supervision and settlement systems. Exchange of views with overseas central banks is important in strengthening cooperative relationships among the central banks. F. Compilation of Data, Economic Analyses and Research Activities To ensure appropriate implementation of monetary policy, the Bank of Japan must have an accurate understanding of the overall economic and financial conditions in Japan. To this end, the Bank compiles various statistics, including the Corporate Goods Price Index, the Corporate Service Price Index, and money stock. It also conducts a regular business survey known as the Tankan -- Short-Term Economic Survey of Enterprises in Japan. Based on these and a wide variety of other statistical data, including those prepared by government agencies and other organizations, the Bank reviews Japan's financial and economic conditions. In addition, the Bank's head office and branches make direct contact with a large number of firms to directly receive their views on the economy. The Bank also conducts opinion polls of the public when necessary, to which Bank's careful attention is paid. The Bank explains its view mainly through the publication of results of these analyses. Additionally, the Bank is able to receive the public's views and opinions through the Public Relations Department. Further to the above activities, the Bank is also engaged in theoretical research from a longer-term perspective, on issues such as monetary policy and the financial system.

Banks told to drop special deposit schemes

Depositors who are wary of withdrawing their money from fixed deposits for fear of losing the interest may soon have some relief. The Reserve Bank of India has asked banks that are offering special term deposit schemes under which no interest is paid in case of premature withdrawal during the lock-in period, to discontinue such schemes with immediate effect. The interest rates offered on these deposits are not in tune with the rates of interest on normal deposits, said the RBI.

PNB to allow overdraft facility

Taking 'no frill' account drive to another level, Punjab National Bank has allowed overdraft facility of up to Rs 500 to its account holders in the state of Punjab. In a state where half of the agricultural debt still flows from non-institutional sources, the measure is meant to make financial inclusion process more inclusive and faster

Banks switch to any time mobile transaction

After automated teller machine (ATM) and internet, banking transactions are set to migrate to mobile phone. From providing balance information and account alerts, banks with the help of IT companies have developed applications that now allow customers to make changes in their investment portfolios, purchase mutual funds and facilitate peer-to-peer payments. With over 250 million mobile subscribers in the country, the IT developers are hoping such applications become the preferred mode of transacting in the coming years. While mobile technology is evolved enough to allow cash remittances across users, RBI does not allow non-banks to provide money transfer services. This provides a great opportunity for banks to partner mobile companies and provide such services. All the transactions happen over SMS, but they use a security feature called Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD), a technology unique to GSM. USSD doesn’t allow the sent messages to be saved onto the phones, and hence will guard the customer’s details in case of loss or theft of the phone, according to mChek CEO Sanjay Swamy. Paymate, another mobile solutions provider, has tied up with two banks for peer-to-peer money transfer as well as peer-to-merchant money transfer, and will be announcing these tieups within the next two weeks.

SBI 'Easy' card payment option

SBI Card announced 'Paycash' payment option for its customers through Easy Bill payment outlets in India. This facility will enable SBI Card customers to make direct cash payment for their outstandings at 3,500 available Easy Bill merchant outlets through out India. This is for the first time a credit card company has introduced a cash payment option.

Kotak Bank’s product for salaried

Kotak Mahindra Bank’s ‘salary 2 wealth’ account has been designed for the present day salaried professional. Launching the product, the bank’s Group Head (Retail Liabilities and Branch Banking), Mr K.V.S. Manian, said the Kotak Salary 2 Wealth proposition would provide the salaried professional an ideal platform to achieve his aspirations by going beyond the vanilla corporate salary account. Besides offering conventional banking service, the Salary 2 Wealth account would provide offerings such as reimbursement account, investment account, demat account with facility to transfer funds (from and to) the linked online trading account provided by Kotak Securities, preferential loans, office banking and many more options.

SBH to make a/c opening simpler

Opening an account with State Bank of Hyderabad branches in the twin cities will be made easier soon. A customer can complete opening of an account within 10 minutes along with an ATM card and cheque book. The bank is in the process of setting up a Liability Centralised Processing Centre (LCPC) to facilitate ‘fast-paced account opening’ for customers in Hyderabad and Secunderabad, Mr R.P. Sinha, Chief General Manger, SBH, said. A customer will be given a temporary ATM card, a booklet of 10 cheques and Pass Book within ten minutes, once LCPC becomes operational,” Mr Sinha said. Within 10 days, a personalised ATM card and cheque book would be sent to the customer. The centre would be opened before December 31. The initiative is a part of the bank’s efforts to mobilise current accounts and savings accounts, he added.

Reliance Money ties up with Corp Bank

Reliance Money, the financial services and distribution arm of the Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group, announced its tie up with Corporation Bank to offer broking services to the customers and clients of Corporation Bank. Under this agreement, the depository system of Corporation Bank would be linked with Reliance Money’s trading platform and consumers having DP accounts with the Corporation Bank would be able to trade on the Reliance Money Platform. “We expect to add over two lakh demat accounts with this tie up, with our effort focused to get the not-so-savvy semi-urban and rural investor to participate in the stock market,” said Mr Sudip Bandyopadhyay, Director and CEO, Reliance Money. The customers will be offered a free trading account for a year for trading up to Rs 5 lakh.

SBI to offer reverse mortgage loan

State Bank of India is launching a reverse mortgage loan for senior citizens, starting from October 12. Called the “SBI Reverse Mortgage Loan”, it will be available for customers above 60 years. The loan would be given jointly if the spouse is alive, provided he or she is above 58 years. The loan is available at all SBI branches. It carries a fixed interest rate of 10.75 per cent per annum, which is subject to reset at the end of every five years along with revaluation of security and re-adjustment of loan instalments, if necessary. The maximum tenure of such a loan is 15 years, said Mr Sangeet Shukla, Chief General Manager, Personal Banking, SBI. Other players in this segment include DHFL and Punjab National Bank.

Festival offer: SBI drops rates on home, other retail loans

State Bank of India, the largest lender in the country, has reduced the interest rates on all retail loans including home loans by 50-100 basis points. The maximum reduction (one percentage point) in rate applies to loans for a duration of 5 to 15 years. The new rates would be applicable for all loans taken between October 8 and December 31, 2007. For loans up to Rs 20 lakh, the revised rate on floating rates above 15 years and up to 20 years is 10.5 per cent (11.25 per cent). Loans above Rs 20 lakh will carry additional 0.25 percentage point interest. Other banks and financial institutions that have cut home loans recently include HDFC Ltd, Bank of Baroda, IDBI Ltd, Union Bank, Canara Bank, Axis Bank, Allahabad Bank and Dena Bank. Housing loans constitute 52.22 per cent of SBI’s retail advances as on June 2007. SBI has also reduced rates on personal loans by 50 basis points to 100 basis points. The bank is also offering a 50 per cent concession in processing charges on all personal segment loans. For small road transport operators in SME sector, the bank has reduced interest rates ranging from 100 to 200 basis points on the existing rates and the revised rates will now be in the range of 10 to 12.25 per cent for various loan maturities. The festival offer is also extended to farm mechanisation loans

ICICI Bank gets RBI nod for 425 branches

http://thebankpage.blogspot.com/icici-rbinodIndia’s second largest bank ICICI Bank has received permission from the Reserve Bank of India’s to open 425 new branches and over 2,500 ATMs. The bank currently has a network of 950 branches and extension counters and about 3,600 ATMs. This is the first time that the central bank has allotted such a large number of branches to any private sector bank in India. This is over and above the 100 branches that ICICI Bank received after the embargo on several banks that followed the IPO scam. The majority of the new branches will be in semi-urban and rural regions.

City Union Bank allots 68 lakh shares on pref basis

Having got the Reserve Bank’s approval and the shareholders’ nod for raising capital through issue of 68 lakh equity shares of Rs 10 each at a premium on preferential basis, the Kumbakonam-headquartered City Union Bank today went ahead with the allotment. The bank has allotted 3 lakh shares to L&T and 15 lakh shares to LIC at Rs 169.15/share, while fixing the rate at Rs 190 each for the 15 lakh shares allotted to FMO, Netherlands, 12.5 lakh shares each to Ares Investments LLC and Argonaut Ventures and 10 lakh shares to Yatish Trading Company. The allotment in exchange for cash has aggregated to Rs 125.45 crore. It would enhance its capital from Rs 25.2 crore to Rs 32 crore. The total holding by FIIs/NRIs, post this preferential issue, would be a little over 19 per cent against the 24-per cent norm.

Get mini-statements, change PIN at ATMs

The ATM cardholders of the six banks forming part of the MITR (ATM sharing arrangement) network can now benefit from new value-added services introduced today. Such customers, numbering about 80 lakh, can now obtain ‘mini statements’ of their accounts in any of the ATMs of the members banks of ‘MITR’. The MITR network came into existence on October 8, 2003. The customers with debit card/ATM cards would also be able to change their ‘Personal Identification Number’ (PIN) in any of the ATMs under the network. Currently, the MITR network has 3154 networked ATMs. The six banks forming part of the MITR network are Punjab National Bank (PNB), Oriental Bank of Commerce (OBC), Indian Bank, Karur Vysya Bank, IndusInd Bank and UCO Bank. The PNB’s Executive Director, Mr J.M. Garg, said that the bank was adding 50,000 ATM cards every week. “We want to increase it to 1 lakh cards every week”, he said.

UCO Bank plans follow-on public issue

UCO Bank plans to come up with a follow-on public offering (FPO) of shares during the last quarter of the current fiscal or first quarter of 2008-09, its Chairman and Managing Director, Mr S.K.Goel, has said. “We hope to raise Rs 200-Rs 250 crore in the FPO. The capital raising is, however, contingent on the Finance Ministry approving a capital restructuring proposal submitted by us and pending before the Government,” Mr Goel said. He said that UCO Bank has sought Government approval to convert Rs 300 crore of equity capital into preference share capital. UCO Bank’s paid-up capital as on end-June 2007 stood at Rs 799.36 crore. If the FPO goes through, the Government’s stake in the bank would come down from 74.98 per cent to 55-56 per cent, he added

Festive offer: Axis, Dena Bank drop home loan rates

Axis Bank and Dena Bank have reduced interest rates on home loans in the run-up to the festival season. Dena Bank is offering a 50 basis-point reduction in interest rates for all tenors and slabs as part of its ‘Festival Bonanza’. The reduced rates would be applicable on fresh housing loans in both the fixed and floating interest categories sanctioned from October 10 till December 31, said. The new interest rates range from 9.25 per cent to 10.5 per cent in the floating rate category and 9.75 per cent to 11 per cent in the fixed rate category depending on loan amount and tenor. Axis Bank has reduced its floating rates by 50 basis points. The new floating rate will now stand at 10.5 per cent.